Save at least 3% of your wedding budget for transportation. Others like to hire a limo for the wedding party or an elaborate getaway car after the reception. This may involve hiring a bus or shuttle to run to and from the hotels. Many couples like to hire transportation to ensure their guests get to the right venue at the right time. Either way, you can expect to spend about 6% of your total budget on your event rentals. Your event rentals may be included in your venue rental fee or catering package, or you may have to hire a separate rentals company. Event Rentals: 6%Įvent rentals, which includes everything from tables and chairs to dishes, silverware and drinking classes, are an often-overlooked expense-but not a small one. Save 6% of your total budget to cover the cost of a wedding planner. After all, you can rest easy knowing that your celebration will go off without a hitch when you have a great professional taking care of all the details. Wedding Planner: 6%Ī wedding planner can make all the difference when it comes to your special day. This percentage should include the cost of the wedding dress and/or suit, along with shoes and any accessories, such as jewelry or cufflinks. Our data shows that couples typically slot 7% of their budget on their attire. Your outfits are key components of your overall wedding budget. If your wedding budget planning allows, we recommend setting aside about 7% for a videographer. We're big proponents of investing in a wedding videographer, because nothing will bring back your favorite wedding memories quite like a short film. Much like pictures, a video will also memorialize your wedding day. We found that, on average, 8% of the wedding budget is dedicated to florals. Plus, many couples opt to carry bouquets or wear boutonnieres too. Flowers: 8%įlowers can completely transform the look of your wedding. If your wedding venue package doesn't cover alcohol and you're planning on incorporating it into your nuptials, we recommend slotting about 8% of your budget toward this expense. To-be-weds usually spend about 9% of their wedding budget on their photographer. Great photos will last a lifetime and become prized keepsakes from the big day, making this a splurge-worthy purchase. "With childcare costing up to €1,000 a month in some areas, it is worth thinking about how you will pay for it if you are planning on returning to work after your baby is born.Photography is one of the best investments for your wedding. “Whilst the baby budget planner is a great starting point for parents to help them budget for all the initial expenses, there are other ongoing costs such as childcare which you will need to work into your regular budget using our general budget planner," Ms Fitzgerald added. There are also tips to help those who find they may be over budget. Once a user completes the planner, they can calculate their actual spending, see how it compares to their maximum budget and adjust it accordingly. Then it is broken down into six categories including nursery items, feeding, clothing, changing/bathing, travel/outdoor equipment and play equipment. The new baby budget planner asks users to include a maximum budget at the start. The planner will help parents plan their spending so that they budget for the essential items first and decide on their priorities.” "First-time parents often don’t know what they need to budget for and can feel pressurised into buying the best of everything for their new arrival. “Ireland is currently undergoing a baby boom and for many cash-strapped families budgeting for significant expenses is now a must," NCA Chief Executive Ann Fitzgerald said.
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These versions of OnSite do not prune or archive your backup history, so define a backup retention policy to conserve disk space. You can have additional subfolders such as server2, so verify the timestamp of any backups prior to restoring.Įach OnSite 3.0–3.6.8 backup contains the images in your database. OnSite 3.0 – 3.6.8 generates backup files in the Macintosh HD/Users/Shared/Lightspeed folder, in the server1 subfilder. Last backup from each month of the current year Last backup from each Saturday for the current month After 7 days, only the last backup from each day is preserved Smart Backups creates additional folders to retain these backups, which do not contain images. This backup, named Lightspeed Server Nightly Backup.lightspeedBackup, is the only one that contains all the images in your database. OnSite retains your most recent backup in the Backups folder. To conserve disk space these backups do not contain images. These backups are intended for archival purposes. Last backup from each month of the current year. For example: A 5-user Lightspeed server can allow concurrent logins from up to 5 Mac or Mobile. These backups are intended for archival purposes. 6 or higher with 1 available user license per OnSite POS client. Last backup from each Saturday for the current month. These backups contain the images in your database. After 7 days, only the last backup from each day is preserved. usable with intermittent background internet connection. limiting business expending capabilities (poor API and performance output) usable in Off-line mode. self-hosted as its own server (on same terminal). This file is named Lightspeed OnSite Server Backup.lightspeedBackup and contains the images in your database. Lightspeed Onsite specifications: grounded to 1 Apple MAC terminal. OnSite 3.8 and later generates this folder structure for your backups on your OnSite server at Macintosh HD/Users/Shared/Lightspeed.Ĭontains the most recent backup generated by Lightspeed OnSite. What's backed up, and where OnSite 3.8 and later Contact a Lightspeed reseller for more information. We recommend that you have an external backup device or offsite backup strategy to protect the contents of your Mac, including your OnSite backups. To keep your information safe, you should also back up before you upgrade, make batch changes, or import from a spreadsheet. Run regular OnSite backups to protect your business data. Just download from our website,Once the pedals are configured in Windows PC or Mac, it's completely plug and play in other system. NOTE: Our software can be support windows system and Mac. Game Can be program any key in your game or for your controller, can be use this for push to talk while game, muting Discord and/or game chat when playing.Īfter the completion of set up, the switch can be used on the following operating systems: Multimedia: PC foot pedal supports multimedia functions, such as previous song, next song, volume+, volume-, Pause/Play etc.ĥ. String: Type up to 38 characters with a single press by the foot pedal, for example "Good morning, I love you,darling !"Ĥ. Mouse: PC sees the pedal as an additional mouse, can be program the left, middle, right, forward, and backward of the mouse, and the movement of the X and Y axes and the up and down scrolling functions of the wheel can also be assign.ģ. Mackie Control foot switches in Logic Pro You can connect a momentary foot pedalwith either positive or negative polarityto the foot switch sockets. Can do any key combo needed as well, this will work in most situations for whatever you want it to do.Ģ. It has options for single trigger or continuous, from either depression or release of the pedals. It can be program any single key, shortcut key, hotkey or key combination (including F13 to F24, etc.), such as Alt-Tab etc. Turn on Switch Control In macOS Ventura or later: Choose Apple menu > System Settings. You can map via the USB keyboard or virtual keyboard within the program. The software used to set up the pedals does not need to be running once you have them set up to the keys you want. Keyboard: PC sees the pedals as an additional keyboard. Once the pedals are configured, it's completely plug and play in other system.ġ. SYSTEM COMPTIABLE - Programming software offered for Windows and Mac, support Windows 2000/XP/Vista/Win 7/Win 8, Win 10 Win 11,after the program definition of key support Windows/ Linux/ Mac/ DOS and other systems.SUPPORT - Can connect more than one switch to your computer, just programmed individually, then you can plug all foot pedals.there are rubber avoid sliding around on hardwood floors. AltoEdge offers USB foot pedals for typists who want to use a audio player software to transcribe dictation and. PHOTOELECTRIC PEDAL - Well made,sturdy and solid with 1.9M /6.2ft USB Cable, it's optical pedal, responsive, quiet ,it it makes a plastic on plastic click sound, if light press,it won't have any sound. Control the Playback of your Dictation Files.You can assgin many different actions to the pedal, Keyboard/Mouse/String/Multimedia/Game. EASY TO USE - Plug and Play, software free download from our website, software is easy to setup, and did most of what you would want to of a product, emulation various forms of input.it's let you set pedal to have for what you need,take the strain off a repetitive use injury in your arm. APPLICATION - It's designed for a free hands environment for play gaming, singer/guitarist, game with a controller, changing scenes,mute discord, take clips, push to talk ,streaming,muting mic,Photobooth,YouTube,Medical,Zoom, transcription key setting,factory test,instrument control etc.In addition, we have a library of Owner’s Manuals and Support Documents that you can download and reference. Programming requires access to a Windows based computer Function: can. You can also contact our Product Support department by phone or email. USB interface Plug and play compatibility with Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10 and Mac OS. If you have questions about operating your BOSS product, please check our Knowledge Base for answers to the most common questions. USB port: USB B Power Supply Alkaline battery (AAA, LR03) x 2ĪC adaptor (sold separately) Current Draw 65 mA Expected battery life under continuous use (These figures will vary depending on the actual conditions of use.) Alkaline battery: 14 hours Accessories Owner's ManualĪlkaline battery (AAA, LR03) x 2 Options (sold separately) AC adaptor: PSA series MIDI OUT jack: stereo miniature phone type Pedal indicators (L, C, R) Connectors DC IN jack They are statistically correct, which makes resource production less random but comes at the cost of random events that both help and hinder. The Friendly Robber: This variant is designed to make the robber more forgiving so younger players can enjoy themselves or older players can remove some take-that tension if it’s not your thing.Ĭatan Event Cards: These cards replace the dice. There are four smaller variant rules included in the Traders & Barbarians expansion. The amount of choices and customisations that this expansion allows for makes it a great choice if that’s what you are looking for. The rules give specific instructions for how all the modules interact, and many of them can be used with other Catan expansions as well. You can mix and match the different modules in a multitude of ways, so the game can feel a bit different every time you play and you can adapt it to your taste on a whim. This expansion comes jam-packed with variants and scenarios making it the perfect expansion for anyone who wants options. Traders & Barbarians: Best Modular Expansion For players who want a lot of options The Traders & Barbarians expansion includes a selection of smaller Catan expansion modules you can mix-and-match as you like. In no particular order, this list lays out the reasons each expansion gives you to dust off your copy of Catan and enjoy it anew. Whether you’re a veteran fan looking for big changes or simply think the base game is getting a little stale and want some variation, there’s an expansion for you. Instead, we present to you a list of the best Catan expansions for every type of player. Some of these have been more successful than others, but most of them add elements that are worth exploring.īecause of the varying shapes and sizes of the expansions to this classic game, it doesn’t feel fair to compare them side by side. Board games have come a long way since Catan first graced the top of the table, but over the years there have been several expansions, scenarios, spin-offs and variants that have tried to mix it up and keep it relevant. You would be hard-pressed to find a board game enthusiast or even a casual gamer that hasn’t heard of it or played it. Whether you love it or hate it, Catan is indisputably influential. If((/thread\.php/)) else if ((/newanswers\. Place a red * by thread you have read and now have new answers save the following as a text file named "" or something and import it into greasemonkey: but this is enough for a bit of dicking around. this would work somewhat better in conjunction with some sort of feature that sez "don't alert me about this thread because i don't care" or even an ignore thread. This script will add a little red asterisk by threads that you have read and that have since acquired new answers. Ok everyone i procrastinated on taxes once more by writing a greasemonkey user script that implements some of the classic show unread functionality. If the Microsft AutoUpdate (MAU) cannot detect. Currently, the latest version should be 16.21 (19011500). In any Office app click Help on the top menu > Check for Updates, Update Office for Mac automatically. m4a like we all wanted in the first place instead of some crippled bullshit. First, you could try updating Office on your Mac. What's funny about PyMusique is that you still PAY your $.99 or whatever, you just get a regular usable. It amounts to a lot of snake oil that software companies have sold to media owners to allow computers to keep being used for movies and music and such. Absolute assurance = infinite resources applied to the problem of assurance = no profitsįrom a cryptographic standpoint it's impossible to give out the holy trinity of encipherment: plaintext, ciphertext, and key, and then expect that the process/algorithm remain secret What are good utilities? Is there a good simple utility that can tell me what speed my cable modem is working at? What about a Norton style thing? I was never a fan of Norton's because I heard it could occasionally do more pain then good, but I need a "spring cleaning" or something, but I'm not about to go into my libraries folder and start deleting things.įrom the "enterprise architecture" standpoint it is pretty well understood in every other industry BESIDES software that artificially restricting the customer's use of a product is bad businessįrom a risk managment perspective it's bad because there is no 'defense in depth,' you are just relying on a single bit of crypto to be the lynchpin in your entire business process, and there is no recourse if it fails. Limewire used to be fast and now I'm lucky if it works, for instance. The latter I first blamed on the RNC, increased net traffic in the NYC area, FBI monitoring everything or whatever, but now on both parts, I wonder if I didn't mess something up, installed some crappy thing or clogged this or that. Lately my computer seems to be running slow, as does my internet connection. When stuff didn't work I knew what prefs to delete and which extension was conflicting with which extension and how some font was causing a post-script error blah blah blah. Mountain Lion, the last of the “big cat” versions of the Mac operating system launched in July 2012 (latest version 10.8.Maybe y'all can help me. Mavericks arrived in October 2013 (latest version 10.9.5) and can run on the following Macs: Yosemite arrived in October 2014 (latest version 10.10.5) and can run on the following Macs: MacBook Pro (Mid/Late 2007 to early 2015).Sierra arrived in September 2016 (latest version 10.12.6) and can run on the following Macs:Įl Capitan arrived in September 2015 (latest version 10.11.6) and can run on the following Macs: MacBook Air (Late 2010 to 2017, which is same as 2015 model).High Sierra arrived in September 2017 (latest version 10.13.6) and can run on the following Macs: Mac Pro (Late 2013, plus mid-2010 and mid-2012 models with recommended Metal-capable GPU).MacBook Air (Mid 2012 to 2017, because it’s the same as 2015 model).Mojave arrived in September 2018 (latest version 10.14.6) and can run on the following Macs: The M1 Mac cannot be downgraded beyond Big Sur. To run Ventura you will need one of these Macs:įor more information read: Can my Mac run Ventura? The most current version 13.3.1 at the time of writing, read our guide to every version of macOS released to find out about the latest version. macOS Ventura compatibilityĪpple released macOS 13 Ventura to the public on October 24, 2022. Macs are generally incompatible with versions of macOS that are older than the one it shipped with. This is important to keep in mind if you are looking to run an older version of macOS on a Mac. Note: In each case the year referenced below is the year that Mac was introduced – you could for example have bought a 2016 MacBook in early 2017, but it’s still the 2016 MacBook. Find out if your Mac can run macOS Ventura. Select the data you want to recover and click “ Recover” after scanning. Trust the computer on your iPhone and click “ Scan Now” to scan the iPhone. Then connect your iPhone to your computer via a lightning cable. Download and install MyRecover for iOS on your PC. For models, it supports all models of iPhone, iPad Air, iPad mini, iPad Pro, iPod touch, and iPad, including the latest iOS 15, and the newest iPhone 12 mini/12/12 Pro (Max). Export and save recovered phone contents to make a backup. Restore data selectively rather than recover all iPhone data to PC. Scan and preview the data before iPhone file recovery. This software allows recovering ten types of data from your accidental erasure within three steps. Here comes a highly-praised iPhone data recovery software named MyRecover for iOS. How to recover iPhone data with iPhone data recovery softwareĪfter finding out what is data recovery on iPhone, let’s move on to how to resolve this issue? The method of using iPhone data recovery software to restore data stands out among many solutions. In such cases, you’d better stop using your iPhone immediately and adopt the following solutions step by step. Or you’ve realized some of the lost data is valuable to you, but you are not sure how to restore it. Individuals usually do not attach great importance to such incidents after suffering the possibility of losing precious data. The last case is the most common in everyday life and has also been in the preceding example. Generally speaking, the most common scenarios for iPhone data recovery contain operating system failure, malfunction of a storage device, limited storage devices, and accidental damage or deletion. That is to say, iPhone data recovery could restore iOS devices to normal working conditions. Thus, data recovery on iPhone could be defined as an evidence-based approach to getting back lost and inaccessible data. Furthermore, you cannot access it if your data is stored in the above area. The process of retrieving data from removable media or files that have become inaccessible, lost, corrupted, damaged, or formatted is referred to as data recovery. Figuring out the definition of iPhone data recovery could help you solve this problem better. Many users might have encountered similar iPhone data recovery issues: recover the deleted/lost videos, messages, contacts, notes, etc. However, I am doubting about the software for iPhone file recovery and cannot decide which one to adopt. After searching on Google, I find there is so many available iPhone data recovery software that can recover the lost data on iPhone. There is no way for me to recover it because these photos were deleted forever. Recently, I deleted all my photos on my iPhone 6 by mistake. The actual developer of the software is Microsoft.HUP is the Home User Program for employees and students of organizations that have broad licensing of MS products. This temporary license expires with the employers Software Assurance coverage, or upon termination of employment with the covered customer.On how many computers can I install the software?1 device (change from 2013 offer which included 2 devices)As far as activation and transfer, it seems they relaxed the policy in Office 2013 so that you can transfer move it to another PC (once every 90 days).Download links are no longer working for many people, so a downloadable version has been found. Managing bolted-on security products drains time and resources.The SBG6700-AC Parental Controls feature provides the ability to block or allow Internet access during a specified Time of Day. The Internet can be blocked or allowed for certain times of the day, certain days of the week, or all times. Effective April 1st, 2021, Netgear will remove support for Live Parental Controls from the Netgear genie app and from updated versions of their firmware.What Can Parental Control Software Do for Us?Using VPN Software 1.Access permissions can be assigned to all devices on the network, or a specific device (e.g. Parental controls generally leave sites like Google and Bing accessible. Virtual Private Network (VPN) software is designed to mask your computer’s location and can. Here are some answers to help you.This, of course, depends on the parental control software that you're using. How to keep your family safe online with BT Parental Controls and the different blocking categories. See how to set up BT Parental Controls and which sites to block. Ive got a problem with BT Parental Controls. Don't have a subscription? Get started here.Today, Money in Excel is only supported in the United States, with plans to expand global support in the future.Money in Excel is available on PC or Mac in the Excel desktop app, or in the browser with Excel for the web. Users will need to open Money in Excel on a PC or Mac to set up Money in Excel and connect financial accounts. With regards to system requirements, Quicken Rental Property Manager is available as Windows, Mac, SaaS, iPhone, iPad, and Android software.Returning users may open their document in the Microsoft Excel or Microsoft Office mobile app, but you will not be able to load new transactions, capture changes, or access the Money in Excel pane.To use Money in Excel, please make sure your software is up to date, including:Excel (Version 2008 or later) or Excel for Mac (16.40 or later)Tip: You can check which build of Office you're on by going to File > Account in the Excel app.Latest versions of Edge, Chrome, or Safari. Internet Explorer is not supported at this time.Why do I need to sign in when I open Money in Excel?Your financial information is private. Costs start at 29.99 per year.How can I delete my data and what happens if I do?There is no better financial app available for your mac. All Quicken products use the Quicken ID.Much better alternative to Quicken and Mint. The Quicken ID is the ID you’ll use to access all Quicken applications, including Quicken for Windows, Quicken for Mac, Quicken on the Web, Quicken Mobile, and. If you don’t already have a Quicken ID, you’ll be prompted to create one when you install and open Quicken.Quicken is one of three very well-known, widely used, and highly successful financial software programs developed by Intuit, Inc. ().Intuit subsequently sold its personal financial management tool. Probably partly due to the fact that chaos tends to win auto resolve battles more.Īnti player bias is also real. Order factions are a little bit weaker on the overall campaign I’ve noticed. Part of the issue you’re describing is also just the balance towards chaos right now. I play on VH and I never had to restart campaigns in 2, but 3 I’ve come close. The game is more challenging on higher difficulties than 2, which I think is pretty awesome. I don’t think it’s too chaotic but the AI is a lot more aggressive on harder difficulties than it was in 2, that is certain. Uninstalled the games because i want to try and play something a bit more relaxing. I understand that Warhammer 3 is meant to be sort of a dramatic conclusion to the series but.Shits intense lol. Youll be fighting a war and then 4 other factions decide to declare war on you and the map just becomes one big free for all. There doesnt seem to be any 1v1 wars that happen in Warhammer 3 in any campaign. I wish that they would put the Vortex campaign into Warhammer 3, i think that you could control how hectic things got if you wanted a bit more of a chilled out game. Sometimes even other high elves declare war on me for a reason i couldnt possibly think of. By turn 20, vampire counts, dark elves, slaanesh, orks, demons all trying to invade Ulthuan lol. Factions non stop declaring war on me for no reason at all, constantly kamikaze runs at me, completely brainless alliance/confederation systems don't make life any easier too. Realm of chaos is a terrible campaign, but immortal empires is a bit too intense at the moment for me too. There's just way too much random shit that happens. Honestly I can't enjoy a campaign at the moment. Not sure if you can run the game? Test here Looking to buy TW: Warhammer? Find the cheapest available price here Rule 6.1 : All posts with videos from the official Total War YouTube channel must use the same title as the title of the video. Example “ Total War: WARHAMMER 2 – Dark Elves In-Engine Trailer” Rule 6: All posts with videos from the official Total War YouTube channel, must include in front of the title of the video. Please Note: If you report a submission please fill out the "reason for report" form so that mods can understand the situation. No referral links, if you're looking to find TW: Warhammer for the cheapest price, check the link below. No racist, sexist or homophobic language. Please avoid spamming the page with personal videos.ĭo not discuss cheats, exploits, or piracy (including torrents). Self-created content can be posted on Saturdays. I feel like I got REALLY lucky in this campaign.Submissions should be related to Total War: Warhammer or Warhammer fantasy lore (inc. I saw a single Hunnish stack ONCE the entire apocalypse, and it wasn't even Attila (some dude named Beida I think). I was able yo take my time making sure that each province was well provided for before moving on to the next conquest. It's currently 445 AD in this play through and I have completely conquered Spain, Gaul, and resettled German/the Northern Alps. A few turns later Attila married a bunch of his sisters and daughters to all my nobles. So i gave them some money, waited a turn, and when they were Friendly I married my daughter to Attila with a non-aggression pact. In 420 AD I finally encountered the Huns, with Neutral- leaning towards Friendly- diplomacy. I razed several cities just to the east of the Danube to create buffer zone, and continued to just reek havoc in the west. I then invaded mainland Europe and stuck to the western-most regions, selectively fighting Romans and Germanic tribes that the Huns didn't like. I conquered most of the British Isles, subjugating the Picts, Caledonians, and Britains, and they basically have played as my home-land defense force, the Britains being the only ones to really colonize anywhere. So grab your colored pencils or markers and get ready to join Bambi, Thumper, and Flower on their adventures through the forest. From the lush trees to the babbling brooks, each page is a glimpse into the wonders of nature.Whether you're a kid or an adult, these coloring pages are a perfect way to unwind and let your imagination run wild. You'll love coloring in each section and bringing your favorite characters to life with your own unique style and creativity.As you color in these pages, you'll be transported to the enchanting world of the forest, where Bambi and his friends roam free. Heres everything you need to know about Normal and. Now, you can join these adorable forest friends on their adventures with these charming coloring pages.Each page is filled with intricate designs and details that capture the essence of the forest and the playful personalities of Bambi, Thumper, and Flower. Hayden Rolence as Bambi August Maturo as Thumper Sam Lavagnino as Flower Marlowe Peyton as Faline. * The larger the design canvas, the more detail in the final product.Bambi, Thumper, and Flower are three of the most beloved characters from the classic Disney film, Bambi. Please contact us if you have any questions.ĭiamond Shape: Square and Round Available The kits are packaged properly in order to prevent any kind of damages. Bambi Flower Thumper and Friends Winter Fun Awaits Disney Fine Art Gicle on Canvas by Michelle St. It is a great gift for birthdays or any occasion really.Įach one includes everything you need to complete an entire picture. A PERFECT GIFT:Diamond paintings can enhance relationships and provide a strong bonding experience for friends and family. Choose your favorite Bambi coloring pages, and then download or print them in A4 format. These paintings can be the ultimate wall decoration choice for your home or office or any other place. In an instant, they will take the child to a fairy-tale forest world, where the little artist will meet a deer and his friends: a hare named Thumper, the skunk Flower and the deer Faline. PUT IT ON DISPLAY:With patient effort, you can create an amazing work of art that will add life brilliance to any space.Experience a sense of achievement as well as reduce stress, enhance self-confidence and most importantly enjoy your free time. RECREATION:Creating your own art is just plain Awesome! Diamond painting kits are fun and easy to paint.Children as young as 6 and 7 can begin this art form with some assistance. These exciting kits don't require any knowledge or Drawing skills to create. SUITABLE FOR ALL:Diamond painting kits inspire people of all ages.They help to make an exquisite portrayal of the picture which is very sparkling and sure to grab all your visitor's attention once displayed. DAZZLING DIAMOND BEADS:Our diamonds are extremely vibrant and more brilliant than the usual resin diamonds.The painting canvas is waterproof and has a sticky background so that you could easily complete the picture. This is very similar to Paint by Number drawings you did as a child. THE HIGHEST QUALITY CANVAS: Each kit features beautifully detailed outlines of the design with each color indicated by a symbol.Whether you work on yours alone or with a loved one, you are sure to experience many hours of joy creating and admiring your creation. Creating Diamond paintings are a great way to relieve stress and all ages can enjoy the process. This diamond painting kit includes everything you need to create your masterpiece. You too can be an artist when you paint with Diamonds! Every kit gives you a chance to create a work of art you can be proud of. Had the collision been just a little more powerful, it would have pulverized Mimas, forming a new ring around Saturn. The impact was so powerful that it almost blasted the moon to bits. The crater (top center, above) formed when an asteroid or comet slammed into Mimas. Mimas is nicknamed the "Death Star Moon" because a circular crater about one-third of the moon's diameter makes it resemble the big battle stations from the "Star Wars" movies. There is no clear explanation for what created the ridge. A ridge up to eight miles (13 km) high circles the equator, making Iapetus look a bit like a walnut. The leading hemisphere may pick up particles of dark material that are blasted off the surface of another moon by impacts with meteorites, or the material may be ice that bubbled up from below the surface and was darkened by exposure to radiation. One side of Iapetus is as bright as snow, while the other is almost as dark as charcoal (left). Because of the moon's weak gravity, however, much of the material escapes Enceladus and supplies fresh ice to Saturn's outermost ring. In essence, Enceladus re-polishes its surface with material from its interior. Most of this material falls back onto the surface as clean ice, which is highly reflective. Cassini discovered that Enceladus has a tenuous atmosphere, which is resupplied by water vapor and water ice leaking from parallel cracks in the crust near its south pole (shown in blue in this color-enhanced Cassini image, right). EnceladusĮnceladus, a small ball of ice and rock, is the most reflective surface in the solar system: it reflects 99 percent of the visible sunlight that strikes it back into space. Their data will form part of the overall picture of Titan that is emerging from Huygens and the Cassini orbiter, with support from astronomers at McDonald and other observatories on Earth. But their observations, which covered primarily the southern hemisphere of Titan, were similar to those of the Voyager 2 spacecraft, which studied Titan's northern hemisphere when it flew past Saturn more than two decades ago. The Texas researchers found that the temperatures were a little lower than expected. The molecule also provides a look at temperatures in Titan's upper atmosphere across the entire moon. The early Earth probably contained similar molecules, so studying them on Titan could yield new information about the atmospheric conditions that led to life on Earth. This organic molecule is of particular interest because it contains nitrogen, which is one of the ingredients of amino acids, which are some of the "building blocks" of life. Trafton was using a Texas-built spectrograph, TEXES, to study the molecule cyanoacetylene. The observations also can serve as a comparison to those made by Huygens, helping scientists calibrate the probe's discoveries. Their observations looked at the abundance of an organic molecule that could help yield clues to the atmosphere of the early Earth, which Titan's present-day atmosphere may resemble. In support of that goal, McDonald Observatory astronomer Laurence Trafton and his colleagues monitored Titan around the time of the Huygens landing from the Infrared Telescope Facility atop Hawaii's Mauna Kea. To fully understand Titan's complex atmosphere, scientists must study the entire moon, and repeat their observations to see how it changes over time. Yet it sampled only one small region on one day. Tracking Titan's TemperatureĪs the Huygens probe parachuted through the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan in January 2005, it took the first direct measurements of temperatures, wind speeds, and the atmosphere's composition. Volcanoes may belch methane into the atmosphere, contributing to the moon's smog layer. Titan's surface consists of rock and ices. Huygens' instruments also found a thin layer of ice coating the surface at its landing site. The Huygens probe, which parachuted through Titan's atmosphere in early 2005, photographed a landscape that, in some ways, is similar to Earth's, with possible drainage channels carved into hillsides. Scientists had expected to find large seas or oceans of liquid methane, but Cassini found that there may be only a few small bodies of liquid. A global haze of organic molecules tops the atmosphere, so it was almost impossible to study the surface until the Cassini spacecraft, which carries instruments that can peer through the haze, arrived at Saturn in 2004. Titan's frigid atmosphere is about 60 percent denser than Earth's at the surface, and clouds float across the sky. Surrounded by a thick atmosphere that's topped by orange smog, and with a landscape that in some ways resembles Earth, Titan is one of the solar system's most intriguing moons. |